Description:

Solar energetic particle (SEP) events are one of the most difficult phenomena to forecast because they arise from the interplay of several space weather phenomena. Accurate SEP forecasts hinge on models that include eruptive drivers (solar flares, coronal mass ejections), heliospheric structure, shock development, and particle acceleration.  The types of models employed include physical models/simulations, empirical models, data assimilation, and machine learning models. This session focuses on the development of models that advance our ability to predict the occurrence and impact of solar energetic particle (SEP) events.