Climatology of Winter and Nocturnal Tornadoes with a Model Simulation Case Study.

This study will examine the climatology of tornadoes in the United States, specifically out-of-season and nocturnal tornadoes, using statistical analysis and meteorological modeling of case studies. The particular danger of these types of tornadoes put people at a higher risk. Included in the analysis will be strength, fatalities, estimated cost of damage, and total number of tornadoes. These variables are looked at on a seasonal and monthly basis. There will also be an analysis of existing temporal and spatial trends involving potential increases of these atypical tornado events. This study will also examine case studies of out-of-season and nocturnal tornadoes, including the 2021 Bowling Green, Kentucky tornado, through the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). This study demonstrates strength deviation in out-of-season and nocturnal tornadoes, as well as shifting spatial and temporal trends.