Multiple equilibria of the tropical atmosphere: from single columns to the Hadley circulation

Interation between convection and dynamics results in local multiple equilibria as well as multiple equilibria of the Hadley circulation. The influence of ambiental free-tropospheric humidity on convection is instrumental to the existence of multiple equilibria. This work uses this property to investigate how the large-scale multiplicity of equilibria results from the existence of local, column-scale multiple equilibria.