A Comparison of Near-Surface Potential Temperature Variance Budgets for Unstable Atmospheric Flows over Vegetated and Non-Vegetated Flat Surfaces and a Gentle Slope

Over the past decades, researchers have made significant progress toward a fundamental understanding of the budgets of turbulence variables over flat and homogeneous terrain, and only more recently over complex terrain. However, temperature variance budgets, which are parameterized in most meteorological models, are still poorly understood even under relatively idealized conditions. The objective of this study is to analyze the near-surface potential temperature variance budget over contrasting surfaces. To do this, we rely on near-surface turbulence observations collected as part of the Mountain Terrain Atmospheric Modeling and Observations (MATERHORN) program. Daytime observations collected in May 2013 in western Utah at three field sites subjected to similar large-scale forcing are analyzed: a desert playa (i.e., dry lakebed), characterized by a flat surface devoid of vegetation; a vegetated site, characterized by a flat valley floor covered with greasewood vegetation, and a slope site with a local slope angle of 2-4^° and covered by 1-m tall sparse desert steppe vegetation. The observations indicate the existence of a persistent surface-based 5-m layer (at all sites), where the magnitude of the production and dissipation terms in the potential temperature variance equation drop rapidly with increasing height. During convective periods at the Playa and Slope sites, ≈50% of the data show a ratio of turbulent transport to production greater than 0.1. Within the 5-m layer, turbulent transport of potential temperature variance acts as a sink term at all three sites. Neither the ratio of turbulent transport to production nor the ratio of production to dissipation show a dependence on atmospheric stability during the unstable periods studied. A short-period comparison of dissipation rates calculated using dissipation-scale resolving hot-wire/cold-wire anemometry and several common indirect methods using sonic anemometry is presented for data acquired at Playa site. The results indicate that the dissipation rates from all methods follow similar trends, however the values can differ by a factor of 2 - 3.