Training resources for hazard monitoring using satellite information: SMN Centre of Excellence contribution to the Early Warning for All initiative for monitoring fog and volcanic ash

Within the National Meteorological Service (SMN) of Argentina, a Regional Satellite Meteorology Training Center of Excellence (CoE) has been operating since 2009 under the Virtual Laboratory for Education and Training in Satellite Meteorology (VLab) initiative of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Various initiatives have been implemented within the CoE for the region, especially for Spanish-speaking countries. Training in satellite-related topics is a constant challenge due to the new technologies and innovations in the sector, requiring continuous updates from meteorological services.

In 2023, the WMO approved its 2024-2027 strategic plan, highlighting the Early Warning For All initiative and a capacity development framework. One of its main objectives is monitoring hazards and their impacts. During 2024, the SMN CoE Argentina was invited by VLab to develop training materials for meteorological and hydrological services in Spanish as part of an initiative carried out in the Regional Association III and IV. The goal of this project is to promote the use of satellite tools for monitoring the region's main hazards so they can be utilized to improve early warning systems in national meteorological and hydrological services (NMHS). Due to their impact on aviation and related sectors, the SMN CoE Argentina selected two threats for training material development: fog and volcanic ash.

The dispersion of volcanic ash in the atmosphere, originating from volcanic eruptions and wind erosion of volcanic ash deposits (called resuspension), causes environmental impacts and affects human activities at different scales, making its detection of utmost importance. The Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) Buenos Aires at the SMN monitors the presence of volcanic ash to contribute to aviation safety. Monitoring and tracking volcanic ash clouds through remote sensors mounted on board satellites is possible. The training resource will explore multiple tools for monitoring the different stages of the Ubinas volcano ash plume using BTD, Ash/SO₂ RGB, and ABI-L2-VAAF satellite products. Students will analyze data from the July 19, 2019 eruption during which a large explosion expelled ash and gases over six kilometers above the volcano's crater. By using this resource, students will gain insights into early warning systems for volcanic ash-related hazards, enhancing their capabilities in supporting aviation safety and disaster response efforts.

On the other hand, fog has a significant impact on the normal development of socio-economic activities as it directly affects airport operations. Therefore, adequate monitoring and forecasting to improve early warning systems is a priority for NMHSs. The information provided by meteorological satellites is critical for diagnosing and monitoring areas affected by fog and low stratus with high temporal and spatial resolution, such as the capabilities offered by the current GOES-16 satellite. The goal of this resource is to provide students with satellite tools for identifying and monitoring fog using various products, such as BTD or an RGB composite. To achieve this, students will analyze data from a case study recorded over Argentina that affected several airports in the region.

By developing these training resources, the SMN CoE Argentina aims to strengthen the capacities of NMHSs in the region, enhancing their ability to monitor and respond to atmospheric hazards.