84th AMS Annual Meeting

Monday, 12 January 2004: 11:00 AM
A Review of Observations of Cold Fronts, Including Prefrontal Troughs and Wind Shifts
Room 617
David M. Schultz, NOAA/NSSL and CIMMS/Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
Fred Sanders has made considerable contributions to understanding and analyzing the structure and dynamics of surface cold fronts. His frontal research is reviewed in the context of the classical structure and dynamics of cold fronts, as epitomized by his 1955 paper ``An Investigation of the Structure and Dynamics of an Intense Surface Frontal Zone.'' Characteristics of classical cold fronts are summarized and explained. Sanders' research is then reviewed in the context of nonclassical structure, where the surface pressure trough and/or wind shift precedes the temperature gradient (hereafter called prefrontal troughs or prefrontal wind shifts, respectively). The states of these two extremes are termed simultaneity and nonsimultaneity, respectively. A number of proposed mechanisms for the formation of prefrontal troughs and prefrontal wind shifts are reviewed. These mechanisms include those external to the front: synoptic-scale evolution, interacting lower- and mid-tropospheric fronts, fronts moving over topography, lee troughs or drylines, and translating axis of dilatation. These mechanisms also include those internal to the front: along-front temperature gradients, a mechanism proposed by Orlanski and Ross, moist processes, prefrontal descent of air, ascent of air at the front, mixing at the front, and gravity waves and bores. Further information can be found at http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~schultz/sanders/paper.

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