Turbulent fluctuations in air density can cause significant distortions of an electromagnetic signal or image. Density fluctuations can be described in terms of air temperature, air pressure, water vapor, and CO2
content. We can calculate the refractive index structure constant,
Cn2, knowing something the fine-scale dynamics of
heat, moisture, and momentum diffusion. This helps us to quantify the intensity of turbulence-induced refraction. It can provide a means of evaluating sensors under various atmospheric conditions or be used in the development of turbulence-compensation adaptive optic systems. This paper annotates one set of equations for the refractive index structure constant, Cn2, taken from the literature