Many natural and managed ecosystems – for example, forests, orchards, and vineyards – exhibit significant canopy structure. This structure not only impacts the development and intensity of turbulence within and above the canopy, it also strongly influences the transport of heat, moisture, carbon dioxide, and other scalar quantities. The aim herein is to explore both the unique characteristics of turbulence in complex canopies and the methods for measuring and modeling turbulent transport in these environments.