WMONEX to TOGA COARE: A Tribute to Bob Houze

The Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP; 1967-1982) initiated a succession of field campaigns aimed to improve understanding of the role of the tropics in the general circulation.  Among these campaigns were the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE; 1974) and both the Winter and Summer Monsoon Experiments (WMONEX; 1978, and SMONEX; 1979).  GARP was followed by the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA; 1985-1994) program, which culminated in the 1992-93 TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE).  Observations from these field campaigns led to new fundamental understanding of the nature of tropical convection, for which the symposium honoree – Bob Houze – played a key role.