Anthropogenic air pollutant emissions, including those from transportation, industrial, residential, and commercial sectors, contribute to the long-existing air pollution problems (PM2.5/10, VOC, O3, NOx, SOx) around globe, especially in megacities and in the developing world, in addition to the warming produced by greenhouse gas emissions. Data from ground-based and satellite aerosol and trace gas (composition) remote sensing instruments with regional and global representation, have provided major advances in the understand of air quality issues and their impacts on human, environmental and agricultural health. This Themed Joint Session invites experts from remote sensing community to discuss the greatest observational needs and future challenges to extend and improve our observations of atmospheric chemistry, aerosols, and their impacts on human, environmental and agricultural health, and climate.