This session explores cutting-edge advancements in Earth System Modeling, aiming to enhance our understanding of climate dynamics and improve predictive capabilities. The session invites discussions on simulating complex interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and biosphere and aims to discuss ongoing efforts and needed advances in fundamental research on Earth System Models. This session welcomes a wide range of topics including, but not limited to, advancements in physical process representation, biogeochemical process coupling, high-resolution modeling, data assimilation and uncertainty quantification, model intercomparison and evaluation, and future challenges and opportunities of Earth System Models.