Radar observation of precipitation asymmetries in tropical cyclones making landfall on the east China coast

This study explores the asymmetric distribution of precipitation in tropical cyclones (TCs) making landfall along east China coast using the observations from coastal Doppler radars at mainland China. Eight TCs from 2004 to 2013 are examined. The temporal and spatial evolution of these TCs' inner and outer core asymmetric precipitation patterns prior to, during and after landfall is investigated. The radius of inner-core region is a function of the size of a TC apart from a fixed radius adopted in previous studies. All eight TCs possessed distinct asymmetric precipitation patterns between the inner- and outer- core regions. The amplitude of asymmetry decreases with the increasing TC intensity and it displays an ascending (descending) trend in the inner (outer) core. In the inner-core region, the heavy rainfall with reflectivity factor above 40 dBZ tends to locate at the downshear side before landfall. Six cases have precipitation maxima on the downshear left side, in agreement with previous studies. As TCs approaching land (~ 2 hr before landfall), their precipitation maxima generally shift to the front quadrant of the motion partly due to the interaction of TC with the land surface. In the outer-core region, the precipitation maxima occur in the front quadrant of the motion in seven of the eight cases before landfall. After landfall, the precipitation maxima shift from the right-front quadrant clockwisely to the right-rear quadrant of the motion collocated well with the mountainous areas along the coast. Quantitative analysis using a combination of the dual-Doppler radar retrieved winds and the radar estimated rainfall indicates that upslope lifting may explain the observed precipitation enhancement over the mountainous areas. This study illustrated how the precipitation asymmetry in the inner- and outer-core at different stages of TC landfall is affected by storm motion, vertical wind shear and topography.