The General Circulation of the Atmosphere and Climate Changes

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\li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3700506 {\fcs1 \af37\afs24\alang1081 \fcs0 \b\fs24\cf0\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid3700506\charrsid3678626 The General Circulation of the Atmosphere and Climate Changes \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl100\slmult0\widctlpar\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3700506 {\fcs1 \ab0\af39\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid3700506\charrsid15495139 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl100\slmult0\widctlpar\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11540098 {\fcs1 \af39\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid11540098\charrsid11540098 V. Krupchatnikov, Yu. Martynova}{\fcs1 \ab0\af39\afs24 \fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid11540098 }{\fcs1 \ab0\af39\afs24 \fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid2062595 }{\fcs1 \ab0\af39\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid11540098\charrsid15495139 I. Borovko}{\fcs1 \ab0\af39\afs24 \fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid11540098 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl100\slmult0\widctlpar\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3700506 {\fcs1 \ab0\af39\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid11540098\charrsid15495139 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid685483 {\fcs1 \ab0\af41\afs24\alang1081 \fcs0 \fs24\cf0\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid7684624\charrsid4527781 We examine the general circulation of the atmosphere and climate changes}{\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid9134300\charrsid4527781 It would be especially useful to predict changes associated with global }{\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid7684624\charrsid4527781 climate change}{\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid11540098 }{\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid5774842\charrsid4527781 We provide our study using the idealized climatic system model. }{\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid5774842\charrsid5774842 This report discusses the following topics}{\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid685483 :}{\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4461221\charrsid4527781 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl100\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4461221 {\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4461221\charrsid4527781 Dynamics of General Curculation Atmosphere and Climate}{\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4461221\charrsid4527781 . \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl100\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid726519 {\fcs1 \af40\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4461221\charrsid4527781 The Hadley Cell (HC) is the prominent tropical circulation feature. It extends through the entire depth of the troposphere from the equator to the subtropics (30\'b0}{\fcs1 \af44\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4461221\charrsid4527781 }{\fcs1 \af40\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4461221\charrsid4527781 latitude) over both hemispheres. }{\fcs1 \af40\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid726519 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl100\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2062595 {\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4461221\charrsid5774842 The poleward of expansion of the tropical circulation (HC)}{\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4461221\charrsid5774842 . }{\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4461221\charrsid5774842 This discussion will focus on the tropical widening phenomenon. We will present some of the mechanisms that have been put forward in the literature to explain the widening.}{\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid5774842 }{ \fcs1 \ab0\af40\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid9134300\charrsid4527781 In this report demonstrates that there exists evidence that key-elements of the atmospheric circulation}{\fcs1 \ab0\af40\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid15495139\charrsid4527781 (}{\fcs1 \ab0\af40\afs24 \fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid15495139\charrsid4527781 Hadley Cell, storm tracks}{\fcs1 \ab0\af40\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid15495139\charrsid4527781 )}{\fcs1 \ab0\af40\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid9134300\charrsid4527781 have been moving poleward during the last few decades. }{\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid726519 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid726519 {\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4527781\charrsid4527781 Sea ice extent}{\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4527781\charrsid4527781 . }{\fcs1 \af43\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4527781\charrsid4527781 The Northern Hemisphere sea ice cover has decreased in recent years and is projected to continue to decrease in the future. The observed changes can be compared with the global warming projections from atmosphere\endash ocean general circulation models that were carried out for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3)}{\fcs1 \af43\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\cf0\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4527781\charrsid4527781 .}{\fcs1 \af43\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid4527781\charrsid4527781 GCM projections vary widely in terms of the rate of Arctic sea ice loss. We have discussed here some problems about that}{\fcs1 \af43\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid6191910 \par }\pard \qj \fi855\li0\ri0\sl100\slmult0\widctlpar\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11540098 {\fcs1 \ab0\af40\afs24 \fcs0 \b\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid11540098\charrsid11540098 Conclusion.}{\fcs1 \af40\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid11540098 }{\fcs1 \af40\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid11540098\charrsid11540098 In this report demonstrates that there exists considerable evidence that key-elements of the atmospheric circulation have been moving poleward during the last few decades. Current theories as well as model experiments indicate that greenhouse gas increases and stratospheric ozone depletion is the most likely cause for the trends. However, there are many other aspects of these shifts that are not well understood. }{\fcs1 \af42\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid11540098\charrsid11540098 We find evidence of possibility sea ice hysteresis between difference states in climate regimes with ice cover}{\fcs1 \ab0\af42\afs24 \fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid11540098 . \par }\pard \qj \fi855\li0\ri0\sl100\slmult0\widctlpar\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6191910 {\fcs1 \af42\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid9134300\charrsid4527781 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl100\slmult0\widctlpar\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6191910 {\fcs1 \ab0\af42\afs24 \fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid9134300\charrsid4527781 Acknowledgments}{\fcs1 \af42\afs24 \fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid9134300\charrsid4527781 . This work is supported by RFBR grants 13-05-00480 \par }{\fcs1 \af42 \fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid15495139\charrsid6191910 \par }{\fcs1 \ab0\af39 \fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid15495139\charrsid6191910 \par }{\fcs1 \ab0\af39 \fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid15495139\charrsid3960531 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl100\slmult0\widctlpar\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15495139 {\fcs1 \ab0\af39 \fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid15495139\charrsid3960531 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl100\slmult0\widctlpar\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16335851 {\fcs1 \af0 \fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1049\langnp1033\insrsid15495139\charrsid3960531 \par }}