How does monsoon trough intraseasonal oscillation affect tropical cyclogenesis over the western North Pacific?

The effects of intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) of the western North Pacific (WNP) monsoon trough on tropical cyclone (TC) formation were investigated using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model. A weak vortex was specified initially and inserted into the background fields containing climatological mean anomalies associated with active and inactive phases of monsoon trough ISO. The diagnosis of simulations showed that monsoon trough ISO can modulate TC development through both dynamic and thermodynamic processes. The dynamic impact is attributed to the lower-middle tropospheric large-scale vorticity associated with monsoon trough ISO. Interactions between a cyclonic vorticity in the lower-middle troposphere during the active ISO phase and a vortex lead to the generation of vortex-scale outflow at midlevel, which promotes the upward penetration of friction-induced ascending motion and thus upward moisture transport. In addition, the low-level convergence associated with active ISO also helps the upward moisture transport. Both processes contribute to stronger diabatic heating and thus promote a positive convection–circulation–moisture feedback. On the other hand, the large-scale flow associated with inactive ISO suppresses upward motion near the core by inducing the midlevel inflow and the divergence forcing within the boundary layer, both inhibiting TC development. The thermodynamic impact comes from greater background specific humidity associated with active ISO that allows a stronger diabatic heating. Experiments that separated the dynamic and thermodynamic impacts of the ISO showed that the thermodynamic anomaly from active ISO contributes more to TC development, while the dynamic anomalies from inactive ISO can inhibit vortex development completely.